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:''This article discusses the Hebrew Bible. See Christian views on witchcraft for Christian interpretations.'' Various forms of witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible are mentioned in a generally disapproving tone. The Masoretic Text of the Torah forbids: *''nahash''; as a noun, ''nahash'' translates as ''snake'', and as a verb it literally translates as ''hissing''. The verb form can be extended to mean ''whispering'', so it has historically been understood to refer to enchantment. *''onan'';〔〔 ''onan'' literally translates as ''clouds'', possibly referring to nephomancy. Some translations take this as an allusion to bird flocks, and therefore translate it as ''augury''. *''kashaph'';〔 ''kashaph'' is of ambiguous meaning, being either from a root meaning ''mutter'',〔''Strong's concordance''〕 or from a compound of the words ''kash'' (''herb'') and ''hapalah'' (''using'') - hence meaning ''herb user''.〔''Webster's New World Hebrew Dictionary''〕 The Septuagint renders the same phrase as ''pharmakia'' (''poison''), so it may refer to magic potions.〔(Exodus 22:17 (LXX) ); note that for technical and historic reasons, verse numbering in the Septuagint doesn't correspond exactly with the masoretic text〕 *being a ''ba'al ob''; ''ba'al ob'' literally means ''master of spirits''. The corresponding parts of the Septuagint refer to ''eggastrimuthos'' (''gastromancy''),〔(Leviticus 20:27 (LXX) )〕 a form of necromantic ventriloquism, in which the voice seems to be located in the stomach. *being a ''yidde'oni'';〔〔 ''yidde'oni'' literally means ''gainer of information from ghosts'' *being a ''doresh el ha-metim'';〔 ''doresh el ha-metim'' literally means ''(one who) questions corpses'' *''qasam qesem'';〔 ''qasam qesem'' literally means ''distributes distributions'', possibly referring to cleromancy *''khabar kheber'';〔 ''khabar kheber'' literally means ''join joinings'', possibly referring to charms The exact difference between the three forbidden forms of necromancy is a matter of uncertainty; ''yidde'oni'' is usually only mentioned together with ''ba'al ob'', and its semantic similarity to ''doresh el ha-metim'' raises the question of why all three are mentioned in the same verse of Deuteronomy.〔specifically, 〕 Classical Jewish sources argued that ''yidde'oni'' might be another form of ventriloquism, in which the voice is cast into at a bone which is placed into the ventriloquist's mouth. Rashi describes the ''doresh el ha-metim'' as a person who would sleep in cemeteries, after having starved themselves, in order to become possessed. The Witch of Endor was a ''ba'al ob''; the Septuagint again renders this as ''eggastrimuthos'', thus describing her as a (necromantic) ventriloquist, although ''(one who has) familiar spirits'' is the more common English translation. Like the law code of Hammurabi, the Torah assigns the death penalty to practitioners of certain forms of ''witchcraft''/''divination''; the Holiness Code of Leviticus ascribes the death penalty for two of the three necromantic practices, namely ''Ba'al ob'' and ''Yidde'oni'',〔 while the Covenant Code of Exodus ascribes it for ''kashaph''.〔 ==See also== * Halakha * Necromancy * Mediumship * Spirit possession * Cleromancy * Urim and Thummim 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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